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Distribution and diversity of the enterococcal surface protein ( esp ) gene in animal hosts and the Pacific coast environment
Author(s) -
Layton B.A.,
Walters S.P.,
Boehm A.B.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
journal of applied microbiology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.889
H-Index - 156
eISSN - 1365-2672
pISSN - 1364-5072
DOI - 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04113.x
Subject(s) - biology , amplicon , polymerase chain reaction , gene , genetic diversity , environmental dna , ecology , genetics , biodiversity , demography , population , sociology
Aims: This study sought to evaluate the distribution of the enterococcal surface protein ( esp ) gene in Enterococcus faecium in the Pacific coast environment as well as the distribution and diversity of the gene in Northern California animal hosts. Methods and Results: Over 150 environmental samples from the Pacific coast environment (sand, surf zone, fresh/estuarine, groundwater, and storm drain) were screened for the esp gene marker in E. faecium , and the marker was found in 37% of the environmental samples. We examined the host specificity of the gene by screening various avian and mammalian faecal samples, and found the esp gene to be widespread in nonhuman animal faeces. DNA sequence analysis performed on esp polymerase chain reaction amplicons revealed that esp gene sequences were not divergent between hosts. Conclusions: Our data confirm recent findings that the E. faecium variant of the esp gene is not human‐specific. Significance and Impact of the Study: Our results suggest that the use of the esp gene for microbial source tracking applications may not be appropriate at all recreational beaches.