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The position and topography of the apical canal constriction and apical foramen
Author(s) -
DUMMER PAUL M. H.,
McGINN JOHN H.,
REES DAVID G.
Publication year - 1984
Publication title -
international endodontic journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.988
H-Index - 119
eISSN - 1365-2591
pISSN - 0143-2885
DOI - 10.1111/j.1365-2591.1984.tb00404.x
Subject(s) - apical constriction , apical foramen , constriction , apex (geometry) , anatomy , magnification , foramen , root canal , position (finance) , medicine , orthodontics , biology , physics , optics , biochemistry , morphogenesis , finance , gene , economics
. Two hundred and seventy extracted human teeth of unknown age were evaluated for apex to foramen and apex to constriction distances, in addition the topography of the apical portion of the root canal was studied under × 20 magnification. The mean A–F distance was 0.38 mm and the mean A–C distance 0.89 mm, although it must be stressed that a wide range of values was observed. Four distinct types of apical constriction were routinely found, whilst a proportion of canals were apparently blocked. The study confirms the view that it is impossible, with complete certainty, to establish the position of the apical canal constriction during root canal therapy, but indicates that a combination of methods might be more successful than reliance on one.