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Conserving energy at a cost to biodiversity? Impacts of LED lighting on bats
Author(s) -
Stone Emma L.,
Jones Gareth,
Harris Stephen
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
global change biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.146
H-Index - 255
eISSN - 1365-2486
pISSN - 1354-1013
DOI - 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02705.x
Subject(s) - biodiversity , greenhouse gas , climate change , environmental science , led lamp , ecology , biology , engineering , electrical engineering
Artificial lighting is a key biodiversity threat and produces 1900 million tonnes of CO 2 emissions globally, more than three times that produced by aviation. The need to meet climate change targets has led to a global increase in energy‐efficient light sources such as high‐brightness light‐emitting diodes ( LED s). Despite the energetic benefits of LED s, their ecological impacts have not been tested. Using an experimental approach, we show that LED street lights caused a reduction in activity of slow‐flying bats ( R hinolophus hipposideros and M yotis spp.). Both R . hipposideros and M yotis spp. activities were significantly reduced even during low light levels of 3.6 lux. There was no effect of LED lighting on the relatively fast‐flying P ipistrellus pipistrellus , P ipistrellus pygmaeus and N yctalus/ E ptesicus spp. We provide the first evidence of the effects of LED lights on bats. Despite having considerable energy‐saving benefits, LED lights can potentially fragment commuting routes for bats with associated negative conservation consequences. Our results add to the growing evidence of negative impacts of lighting on a wide range of taxa. We highlight the complexities involved in simultaneously meeting targets for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss. New lighting strategies should integrate climate change targets with the cultural, social and ecological impacts of emerging lighting technologies.