Cigarette smoke elicits relaxation of renal arteries

Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41 (2): 195–202 Abstract Background  Epidemiological studies suggest that cigarette smoking – probably by eliciting hyperperfusion – increases glomerular filtration rate; thus, we hypothesized that cigarette smoke affects the vasomotor tone of renal arteries. Materials and methods  Acute changes in the resistance index of a segmental renal artery were measured in healthy individuals during smoking. In addition, the effects of water‐soluble components of cigarette smoke on the isometric tension of isolated rat renal arteries were investigated in various conditions. Results  In humans, cigarette smoking transiently reduced the resistance index of the renal artery segments (83·25 ± 5·67% of the baseline, P  < 0·05). In the experimental model, water‐soluble components of cigarette smoke (wCS) – either nicotinic or nicotine‐free – elicited dose‐dependent relaxations of rat isolated renal arteries (1% solution of nicotinic wCS: 41·18 ± 14·86% relaxation, 5% nicotinic wCS: 79·28 ± 8·91% relaxation, 10% nicotinic wCS 90·3 ± 6·1% relaxation, P  < 0·05), which were not affected by removal of the endothelium, or by the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor oxadiazolo‐quinoxalin‐1, or the non specific potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium, or the K ATP channel blocker glibenclamide. However, relaxations were reduced by catalase (1000 U mL −1 catalase + 5% nicotinic wCS: 49·71 ± 18·4%, P  < 0·05) and enhanced by superoxide dismutase (200 U mL −1 SOD + 5% nicotinic wCS: 95·7 ± 2·3%, P  < 0·05). Conclusions  On the basis of these findings, we propose that cigarette smoking could contribute to the increased glomerular filtration rate observed in healthy smokers. In addition, cigarette smoke via hydrogen peroxide mediation reduces vasomotor tone of renal arteries, which could lead to hyperperfusion of kidneys.