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European oak declines and global warming: a theoretical assessment with special reference to the activity of Phytophthora cinnamomi
Author(s) -
BRASIER C. M.,
SCOTT J. K.
Publication year - 1994
Publication title -
eppo bulletin
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.327
H-Index - 36
eISSN - 1365-2338
pISSN - 0250-8052
DOI - 10.1111/j.1365-2338.1994.tb01063.x
Subject(s) - phytophthora cinnamomi , evergreen , quercus robur , quercus suber , biology , deciduous , mediterranean climate , ecology , geography , quercus petraea , phytophthora , fagaceae , climate change , global warming , botany
Causes of current severe declines of the deciduous oaks Quercus robur and Q. petraea in northern and central Europe and of the evergreen Q. ilex, Q. suber and other Quercus spp. in the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Factors implicated include drought, pollution, winter cold, flooding, and stress‐related attacks by insects and fungi. Additional factors in Mediterranean oak declines include changing land‐use patterns and root disease caused by the aggressive, exotic oomycete root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. Under conditions of global warming the survival and degree of root disease caused by this fungus seems likely to be enhanced, while the host range of the organism might also be increased. Application of the CLIMEX climate‐matching program suggests that with a mean increase in temperatures of 1.5–3°C the fungus might considerably increase its disease activity in its existing locations, and to some extent spread northwards and eastwards. However, it seems unlikely to become significantly active in areas of Europe with colder winters such as parts of Scandinavia, Russia and the central Danube. The predictive value of research on major environmental problems such as oak declines could be enhanced by more highly coordinated European forestry research programmes.