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Euphorine phylogeny: the evolution of diversity in host‐utilization by parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Author(s) -
SHAW SCOTT RICHARD
Publication year - 1988
Publication title -
ecological entomology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.865
H-Index - 81
eISSN - 1365-2311
pISSN - 0307-6946
DOI - 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1988.tb00363.x
Subject(s) - biology , parasitism , braconidae , parasitoid , host (biology) , zoology , ecology , hymenoptera , heteroptera , psocoptera
ABSTRACT.1 New data on the phylogeny of the braconid subfamily Euphorinae supports the hypothesis that parasitism of adult insects by Euphorinae originated during parasitism of Chrysomelidae, a group whose larvae are ecologically coincident with adults. 2 Evolution of the habit of attacking the adult stage opened a new adaptive zone; subsequently the Euphorinae have diversified on to a phylogenetically greater variety of hosts than any other braconid subfamily. 3 Parasitism of eumastacid grasshoppers evolved from beetle parasitism in the tribe Perilitini. 4 The tribe Euphorini shows the greatest diversity of hosts utilized. Most attack Heteroptera; however, Chrysopopthorus diversified on to adult Chrysopidae, Euphoriella on to Psocoptera, and Cryptoxilos on to Scolytidae. 5 Parasitism of bark beetles (Scolytidae) has evolved independently in three genera: Cosmophorus, Cryptoxilos and Ropalophorus. This is the most specialized form of beetle parasitism by euphorines, since it involves direct parasitism of concealed hosts. 6 Parasitism of adult hymenopterans by the tribe Syntretini may be related to attacking hosts while they are foraging at flowers. 7 The pattern of diversification in the Euphorinae indicates several adaptive radiations within host orders, as well as a history of major host‐shifts between phylogenetically distantly‐related host groups: Coleoptera to Orthoptera; Coleoptera to Hymenoptera; Coleoptera to Heteroptera; Heteroptera to Neuroptera, Psocoptera, and back to Coleoptera. Both the‘host taxonomy’and‘host habitat’hypotheses of host‐shifting are supported. Host‐shifts have involved hosts occurring in the same micro‐habitat and usually having similar feeding habits. This is consistent with current theory of host‐location by means of host‐produced kairomones and visual cues.