CD4 responses to conserved HIV‐1 T helper epitopes show both negative and positive associations with virus load in chronically infected subjects

SUMMARY Characterization of immune responses to immunodominant CD4 epitopes in HIV‐1 that are associated with control of HIV infection could be used to strengthen the efficacy of polyepitope HIV vaccines. We measured both the proliferative and the CD4 interferon (IFN)‐ γ and interleukin (IL)‐2 cytokine responses specific for 11 previously identified HIV‐1 T helper epitopes in 10 HIV‐infected non‐progressors (LTNPs) (infected for a median of 15 years with a stable CD4 count of >500 cells × 10 6 /l), and seven slow progressors (SPs) (infected for a median of 15 years with a CD4 count that had declined to <500 cells × 10 6 /l). Both groups were antiretroviral treatment‐naive at the time of evaluation. The median virus load of SP group was higher than that of the LTNP group ( P  = 0·0002). The CD4 response to a peptide pool representing all potential CD4 Gag epitopes and to Gag p24 protein was also studied. Compared to SPs, LTNPs had higher numbers of Gag‐specific IFN‐ γ + IL‐2 + CD4s ( P  = 0·0059). The Gag‐specific cytokine and proliferative responses correlated inversely with virus load ( P  = 0·03 and 0·0002, respectively), highlighting the potential importance of this response in immunity to HIV. A direct correlation was noted between proliferation and the Gag‐specific IL‐2 ( P  = 0·0053) rather than IFN‐ γ response ( P  = 0·1336), demonstrating that the proliferation assay reflected the IL‐2 rather than the IFN‐ γ secreting capacity of CD4 cells. Several subjects with diverse class II DRB1 alleles responded, confirming the 11 selected peptides to be both antigenic and conserved. CD4 cytokine responses to one Gag and two conserved Pol peptides correlated negatively with virus load. The cytokine response to two additional Pol peptides correlated positively with virus load. The data indicate that there is not an absolute correlation between the CD4 immune response to conserved and broadly antigenic helper T cell epitopes in HIV non‐progression.