Cell genealogies in a plant meristem deduced with the aid of a ‘bootstrap’ L‐system

. The primary root meristem of maize ( Zea mays L.) contains longitudinal files of cells arranged in groups of familial descent (sisters, cousins, etc.). These groups, or packets, show ordered sequences of cell division, which are transverse with respect to the apico‐basal axis of the root. The sequences have been analysed in three zones of the meristem during the course of the first four cell generations following germination. In this period, the number of cells in the packets increases from one to 16. Theoretically, there are 48 possible division pathways that lead to the eight‐cell stage, and nearly 2‐ × 10 6 that lead to the 16‐cell stage. However, analysis shows that only a few of all the possible pathways are used in any particular zone of the root. This restriction of pathways results from inherited sequences of asymmetric cell divisions, which lead to sister cells of unequal length. All possible division pathways can be generated by deterministic ‘bootstrap’ L‐systems which assign different life spans to sister cells of successive generations and hence specify their subsequent sequence of divisions. These systems simulate propagating patterns of cell divisions, which agree with those actually found within the growing packets that comprise the root meristem. The patterns of division are specific to cells originating in various regions of the meristem of the germinating root. The importance of such systems is that they simulate patterns of cellular proliferation where there is ancestral dependency. They can therefore be applied in other growing and proliferating systems where this is suspected.