The functional significance of genetic variation within the β 1 ‐adrenoceptor

The β‐1 adrenoceptor is an archetypal G‐coupled protein receptor that controls sympathetic responses in the heart, kidney and adipocytes. It has been widely exploited as a drug target with the development of antagonists to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, angina and heart failure. Signalling through the receptor is modulated by desensitization and β1‐ adrenoceptor down‐regulation. It is also affected by in vitro substitution of specific amino acid residues within the β‐1 adrenoceptor. Amino acid substitutions also occur naturally due to polymorphic variation within the human β‐1 adrenoceptor gene itself. Since these variants are common (typically being present in > 5% of the population), the pharmacogenetic implications are enormous. A number of these variants have been identified, although two have been the particular focus of recent publications: a serine to glycine substitution at position 49 (49S > G) and an arginine to glycine at position 389 (389R > G). The data on the in vitro behaviour of these two receptor variants is reviewed here, along with the evidence that they may affect both the risk of cardiovascular disease and the therapeutic response to β‐1 adrenoceptor antagonists.