Microarray analysis and functional tests suggest the involvement of expansins in the early stages of symbiosis of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices on tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum )

SUMMARY Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis occurs between fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and most terrestrial plants. However, little is known about the molecular symbiotic signalling between AM fungi (AMFs) and non‐leguminous plant species. We sought to further elucidate the molecular events occurring in tomato, a non‐leguminous host plant, during the early, pre‐symbiotic stage of AM symbiosis, i.e. immediately before and after contact between the AMF ( Glomus intraradices ) and the host. We adopted a semi‐synchronized AMF root infection protocol, followed by genomic‐scale, microarray‐based, gene expression profiling at several defined time points during pre‐symbiotic AM stages. The microarray results suggested differences in the number of differentially expressed genes and in the differential regulation of several functional groups of genes at the different time points examined. The microarray results were validated and one of the genes induced during contact between AMF and tomato, the expansin‐like EXLB1 , was functionally analysed. Expansins, encoded by a large multigene family, facilitate plant cell expansion. However, no biological or biochemical function has yet been established for plant‐originated expansin‐like proteins. EXLB1 transcripts were localized early during the association to cells that may perceive the fungal signal, and later during the association in close proximity to sites of AMF hypha–root colonization. Moreover, in transgenic roots, we demonstrated that a reduction in the steady‐state level of EXLB1 transcript was correlated with a reduced rate of infection, reduced arbuscule expansion and reduced AMF spore formation.