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Racial differences in the relationship between tobacco dependence and nicotine and carcinogen exposure
Author(s) -
St.Helen Gideon,
Dempsey Delia,
Wilson Margaret,
Jacob Peyton,
Benowitz Neal L.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
addiction
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.424
H-Index - 193
eISSN - 1360-0443
pISSN - 0965-2140
DOI - 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04077.x
Subject(s) - nicotine , carcinogen , urine , medicine , cotinine , tobacco smoke , nicotine dependence , physiology , chemistry , environmental health , biochemistry
Aims To investigate the relationships between tobacco dependence, biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure and biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure per cigarette in back and white smokers. Design, setting and participants A total of 204 healthy black ( n = 69) and white ( n = 135) smokers were enrolled into two clinical studies. Measurement Nicotine equivalents (nicotine and its metabolites), 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3)pyridyl‐1‐butanol ( NNAL ) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAH ) metabolites were measured in urine. The F agerström T est for N icotine D ependence ( FTND ) and time to first cigarette ( TFC ) measured tobacco dependence. Findings Average TFC and FTND for blacks and whites were not significantly different. Urine NNAL and nicotine equivalents increased with increasing FTND in whites but did not increase in blacks (race × FTND interaction, both P < 0.031). The interaction term was not significant for PAH s. An inverse relationship was seen between FTND and nicotine equivalents, NNAL and PAH metabolites per cigarette in blacks but remained flat in whites (race × FTND interaction, all P ≤ 0.039). Regardless of dependence (low dependence, TFC >15 minutes; high dependence, TFC ≤15 minutes), FTND and TFC were not correlated significantly with urine nicotine equivalents and carcinogen exposure in blacks. We found moderate correlations between FTND and TFC and nicotine equivalents and carcinogen exposure among whites of low dependence and non‐significant correlations among whites of high dependence. Conclusion In the United States, tobacco dependence measures were related linearly to nicotine intake and carcinogen exposure in white but not in black smokers. The relationship between dependence measures and tobacco biomarkers in black smokers regardless of level of dependence resembled highly dependent white smokers.