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Pharmacological and non‐pharmacological smoking motives: a replication and extension
Author(s) -
TATE JAMES C.,
POMERLEAU CYNTHIA S.,
POMERLEAU OVTDE F.
Publication year - 1994
Publication title -
addiction
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.424
H-Index - 193
eISSN - 1360-0443
pISSN - 0965-2140
DOI - 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00899.x
Subject(s) - nicotine , psychology , addiction , mood , clinical psychology , psychosocial , developmental psychology , psychiatry
Cigarette smokers (n = 387) completed a questionnaire measure of smoking motives, and subgroups of this sample provided external validation information. Seven factors emerged from a principal components’analysis: automatic, sedative, addictive, stimulation, psychosocial, indulgent and sensorimotor manipulation. A higher‐order principal components analysis revealed the presence of two second‐order factors. Inspection of the pattern of correlations between factor scores and criterion variables clearly indicated that the first four factors above and their underlying second‐order factor are more closely related to nicotine pharmacology and mood‐altering effects of nicotine than the latter three motives and their underlying second‐order factor. Moreover, the positive correlations between these pharmacological motives and age, coupled with a negative relationship between age and the non‐pharmacological motives, support the description of the smoking career as a progressive transfer of reward from non‐pharmacological to pharmacological factors. These findings suggest that self‐reported reasons for smoking represent more than bias in verbal report.