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Towards better diagnoses and more individual treatment of tobacco dependence
Author(s) -
FAGERSTRÖM KARL OLOV
Publication year - 1991
Publication title -
british journal of addiction
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.424
H-Index - 193
eISSN - 1360-0443
pISSN - 0952-0481
DOI - 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01805.x
Subject(s) - nicotine dependence , clonidine , nicotine , nicotine replacement therapy , perspective (graphical) , addiction , psychology , nicotine withdrawal , hypoglycemia , clinical psychology , medicine , psychiatry , anesthesia , diabetes mellitus , endocrinology , computer science , artificial intelligence
Abstract The nicotine dependence concept is well founded and it is clear that it is necessary to assess this before treatment starts. Behavioural dependence, although difficult to disentangle from the pharmacological dependence, is also important. With the development of tools for assessing behavioural dependence, the behavioural treatment methods could be applied to patients more appropriately. The place of new drugs such as clonidine and anti‐depressants is also discussed. It is suggested that some of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome may have similarities with hypoglycemia and increased eating after stopping smoking may be a form of self‐medication. Lastly, the new forms of giving nicotine replacement are put in perspective.