Nomenclature and Classification of Drug‐ and Alcohol‐related Problems: A Shortened Version of a WHO Memorandum *

Summary Earlier work in this field is reviewed and present concepts and terminologies are examined in detail. A revised way of dealing with ideas implicit in the terms ‘drug abuse’ or ‘drug misuse’ is proposed; the term ‘neuroadaptive state’ is suggested as an alternative to ‘physical dependence; a profile is given of the elements that constitute a drug dependence syndrome’; and the need to differentiate conceptually between ‘dependence’ and ‘drug related disability’ is stressed. A model of dependence is outlined in which dependence is considered as a psycho‐physiological‐social syndrome determined and kept going by a complex system of reinforcements. The bearing of the foregoing considerations on work towards the revision of relevant classification systems is considered, and, in the final section, several recommendations on nomenclature are brought together and suggestions are made for research that might lead to refinement of classification and diagnostic systems.