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Recent advances targeting innate immunity‐mediated therapies against HIV‐1 infection
Author(s) -
Shankar Esaki Muthu,
Velu Vijayakumar,
Vignesh Ramachandran,
Vijayaraghavalu Sivakumar,
Rukumani Devi Velayuthan,
Sabet Negar Shafiei
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
microbiology and immunology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.664
H-Index - 70
eISSN - 1348-0421
pISSN - 0385-5600
DOI - 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00485.x
Subject(s) - innate immune system , biology , immunity , acquired immune system , intrinsic immunity , immunology , interferon , elafin , immune system , virology
Early defence mechanisms of innate immunity respond rapidly to infection against HIV‐1 in the genital mucosa. Additionally, innate immunity optimises effective adaptive immune responses against persistent HIV infection. Recent research has highlighted the intrinsic roles of apolipoprotein B mRNA‐editing, enzyme‐catalytic, polypeptide‐like 3G, tripartite motif‐containing protein 5, tetherin, sterile α‐motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain‐containing protein 1 in restricting HIV‐1 replication. Likewise, certain endogenously secreted antimicrobial peptides, namely α/β/θ‐defensins, lactoferrins, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, trappin‐2/elafin and macrophage inflammatory protein‐3α are reportedly protective. Whilst certain factors directly inhibit HIV, others can be permissive. Interferon‐λ3 exerts an anti‐HIV function by activating Janus kinase‐signal transducer and activator of transcription‐mediated innate responses. Morphine has been found to impair intracellular innate immunity, contributing to HIV establishment in macrophages. Interestingly, protegrin‐1 could be used therapeutically to inhibit early HIV‐1 establishment. Moreover, chloroquine inhibits plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation and improves effective T‐cell responses. This minireview summarizes the recently identified targets for innate immunity‐mediated therapies and outlines the challenges that lie ahead in improving treatment of HIV infection.