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Comparison of the distribution patterns of BK polyomavirus lineages among China, Korea and Japan: Implications for human migrations in northeast Asia
Author(s) -
Zhong Shan,
Jeong ByungHoon,
Ikegaya Hiroshi,
Kim YongSun,
Xu Yawei,
Zhu Mengyun,
Chao Yuegen,
Suzuki Makoto,
Kitamura Tadaichi,
Homma Yukio,
Yogo Yoshiaki
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
microbiology and immunology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.664
H-Index - 70
eISSN - 1348-0421
pISSN - 0385-5600
DOI - 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00121.x
Subject(s) - biology , phylogenetic tree , china , archipelago , distribution (mathematics) , evolutionary biology , virology , genetics , geography , gene , ecology , archaeology , mathematical analysis , mathematics
BKV is widespread among humans, infecting children asymptomatically and then persisting in renal tissue. Based on the serological or phylogenetic method, BKV isolates worldwide are classified into four subtypes (I–IV), with subtypes I and IV further divided into several genetically‐distinct subgroups. Since, similarly to JCV, a close relationship exists between BKV lineages and human populations, BKV should be useful as a marker to trace human migrations. To elucidate ancient human migrations in northeast Asia, urine samples were collected from immunocompetent elderly patients in Shanghai, China; Anyang, South Korea; and various locations in Japan. Partial and complete BKV genomes from these samples were amplified and sequenced using PCR, and the determined sequences were classified into subtypes and subgroups by phylogenetic and SNP analyses. In addition, based on an SNP analysis, the major subtype I subgroup (I/c) was classified into two subdivisions, I/c/Ch and I/c/KJ. The distribution patterns of BKV subgroups and subdivisions among the three regions were compared. Some aspects of the subgroup and subdivision distribution were more similar between Korea and Japan, but others were more similar between China and Korea or between China and Japan. Based on these findings, we inferred various northeast Asian migrations. Most of the JCV‐based inferences of northeastern Asian migrations were consistent with those based on BKV, but the previously suggested migration route from the Asian continent to the Japanese archipelago seemed to need revision.