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Intermediate Phase Development in Phosphorus‐Doped Barium Titanate
Author(s) -
Caballero Amador C.,
Fernández José F.,
Villegas Marina,
Moure Carlos,
Durán Pedro,
Florian Pierre,
Coutures JeanPierre
Publication year - 2000
Publication title -
journal of the american ceramic society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.9
H-Index - 196
eISSN - 1551-2916
pISSN - 0002-7820
DOI - 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01417.x
Subject(s) - sintering , materials science , barium titanate , scanning electron microscope , phase (matter) , transmission electron microscopy , analytical chemistry (journal) , doping , chemical engineering , mineralogy , differential thermal analysis , metallurgy , composite material , chemistry , ceramic , diffraction , nanotechnology , optics , chromatography , physics , optoelectronics , organic chemistry , engineering
In the present work, the phase formation and thermal evolution in phosphorus‐doped BaTiO 3 have been studied using differential thermal analysis, X‐ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and high‐temperature nuclear magnetic resonance. Phosphorus cations that are incorporated from ester phosphate form a surface layer that covers the BaTiO 3 particles. This layer acts as a reactive coating during sintering. Phosphorus‐doped BaTiO 3 samples that have been treated at temperatures of 650°–900°C show the presence of crystalline Ba 2 TiP 2 O 9 and/or Ba 3 (PO 4 ) 2 phases. The appearance of secondary phases is dependent on the cooling rate. Higher temperatures (900°–1200°C) result in the presence of a phosphorus–BaO‐rich phase that covers the BaTiO 3 particles. As a consequence, the remaining titanium‐rich BaTiO 3 drives the formation of a liquid phase at temperatures >1200°C. In regard to the reported sintering behavior of P 5+ ‐doped BaTiO 3 , the formation of a phosphorus–BaO‐rich phase that covers the BaTiO 3 particles could be the origin of the improved porosity coalescence and removal that is observed at the earlier stages of sintering.