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Grain Growth and Densification of Hot‐Pressed Lead Zirconate‐Lead Titanate Ceramics Containing Bismuth
Author(s) -
HAERTLING G. H.
Publication year - 1966
Publication title -
journal of the american ceramic society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.9
H-Index - 196
eISSN - 1551-2916
pISSN - 0002-7820
DOI - 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1966.tb15386.x
Subject(s) - materials science , lead zirconate titanate , grain growth , activation energy , grain size , stoichiometry , ceramic , mineralogy , lead titanate , bismuth , grain boundary , zirconate , bismuth titanate , ferroelectricity , composite material , dielectric , metallurgy , titanate , microstructure , chemistry , optoelectronics
Grain growth and densification were studied in a hot‐pressed ferroelectric composition of 65/35 (Zr/Ti molar ratio) lead zirconate‐lead titanate containing 2 at.% bismuth. The grain growth and densification rate processes were measurable from 1050° to 1300°C and from 700° to 1100°C, respectively. Grain growth as a function of time followed a ⅓ power law ( D (grain size) = kt ⅓ ). An activation energy of 95 kcal/mole was calculated. Densification was a two‐stage process as a function of time: a rapid initial stage and a slower final stage. The initial stage of densification behaved viscously with an activation energy of 36.7 kcal/mole. Grain boundary sliding and the Nabarro‐Herring mechanism of stress‐directed movement of vacancies are suggested as the densification mechanisms. Results indicated that densification is sensitive to stoichiometry and to additives.