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THE TESTING OF GLASS CONTAINERS FOR CHEMICAL DURABILITY *
Author(s) -
Turner W. E. S.
Publication year - 1935
Publication title -
journal of the american ceramic society
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.9
H-Index - 196
eISSN - 1551-2916
pISSN - 0002-7820
DOI - 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1935.tb19368.x
Subject(s) - bottle , durability , materials science , extraction (chemistry) , alkali metal , aqueous solution , alcohol , cracking , composite material , pulp and paper industry , chemistry , chromatography , engineering , organic chemistry
Any standard method prescribed for testing the chemical durability of glass as, for example, in the form of bottles, must be set out and subsequently applied with meticulous attention to detail. For bottles of any one composition, the alkali extracted by water can be modified by the annealing conditions and by the period and conditions of storage. Individual bottles in a set may, for these reasons, not give very closely agreeing results. Standard tests must have reference to a particular size and shape of bottle. Within the limits of time tested (5 to 6 hours), the total extraction by water is proportional to the area of surface exposed; the concentration of Na 2 O in the solution obtained falls off as bottle capacity increases. Besides alkali extraction, pitting and cracking, when boiled with water, and flaking must be taken into account when assessing the chemical durability. Bottles after storage and subsequent washing usually yield a smaller amount of Na 2 O to water than when new; on the other hand, the tendency to produce flaking is increased. Aqueous alcohol more readily leads to the production of flakes than water alone, a maximum effect being associated with the mixture containing approximately 40% by volume of alcohol. Alkali extraction, however, is greater with water than with the alcohol‐water mixtures.