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Anti‐Inflammatory Cytokines Induce Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance in Human Monocytes Without Modifying Toll‐Like Receptor 4 Membrane Expression
Author(s) -
Moreno C.,
Merino J.,
Vázquez B.,
Ramírez N.,
Echeverría A.,
Pastor F.,
SánchezIbarrola A.
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
scandinavian journal of immunology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.934
H-Index - 88
eISSN - 1365-3083
pISSN - 0300-9475
DOI - 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01445.x
Subject(s) - lipopolysaccharide , toll like receptor , receptor , monocyte , immunology , inflammation , proinflammatory cytokine , microbiology and biotechnology , toll , tlr4 , biology , innate immune system , immune system , biochemistry
Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) participates in innate immunity by detecting lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram‐negative bacterial cell walls. TLR4 macrophage expression in mice is modulated by LPS. This fact constitutes, at least partially, the molecular basis for LPS tolerance. Very recently, the effect of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, has been described on TLR4 membrane expression of human monocytes. IFN‐γ up‐regulates TLR4 expression and antagonizes the LPS‐induced TLR4 down‐regulation. These data prompted us to study the expression of membrane TLR4 in human mono‐ cytes in which LPS tolerance was induced by LPS and by anti‐inflammatory cytokines [interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)]. Data concerning this latter model, and more specifically, the effect of anti‐inflammatory cytokines over TLR4 expression, are not available at present. We show here that membrane TLR4 expression in human monocytes falls after LPS exposure. The effect was prolonged for 12 h, but then expression returned to normal levels. The incubation of human monocytes with IL‐10, TGFβ1 or a mixture of both induces no alterations in membrane TLR4 expression. However, these cytokines are able to substitute the tolerizing LPS exposure in order to induce LPS tolerance. Our data help to achieve a better understanding of the way cytokines control the cellular expression of TLR.