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Toward development of neem‐based repellents against the Scottish Highland biting midge Culicoides impunctatus
Author(s) -
Blackwell A.,
Evans K. A.,
Strang R. H. C.,
Cole M.
Publication year - 2004
Publication title -
medical and veterinary entomology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.028
H-Index - 82
eISSN - 1365-2915
pISSN - 0269-283X
DOI - 10.1111/j.0269-283x.2004.00515.x
Subject(s) - ceratopogonidae , biology , azadirachta , neem oil , olfactometer , culicoides , deet , meliaceae , azadirachtin , biting , toxicology , veterinary medicine , zoology , botany , ecology , pesticide , medicine , host (biology)
. Oil of neem, from the tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), was evaluated for repellent and antifeedant activity against Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), by three complementary methods with serial dilutions. Electroantennograms revealed the sensitivity of Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) females to neem ≥ 0.10%. Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer females were repelled by ≥ 1% in a Y‐tube olfactometer, Using a membrane feeder for wild‐caught parous females of C. impunctatus , the proportion blood‐feeding was significantly reduced by topical applications of neem oil ≥ 0.10% concentrations, with blood‐feeding completely prevented by ≥€1%. On the basis of these response data, we developed 2% neem‐based formulations for personal protection against biting midges.