Open AccessDemographic and ecological risk factors for human influenza A virus infections in rural Indonesia
Author(s) -
Root Elisabeth Dowling,
Agustian Dwi,
Kartasasmita Cissy,
Uyeki Timothy M.,
Simões Eric A. F.
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
influenza and other respiratory viruses
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.743
H-Index - 57
eISSN - 1750-2659
pISSN - 1750-2640
DOI - 10.1111/irv.12468
Subject(s) - influenza a virus subtype h5n1 , population , transmission (telecommunications) , odds ratio , virus , environmental health , influenza a virus , odds , human mortality from h5n1 , virology , biology , demography , medicine , veterinary medicine , disease , infectious disease (medical specialty) , covid-19 , logistic regression , sociology , electrical engineering , engineering
Background Indonesia has the world's highest reported mortality for human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus. Indonesia is an agriculturally driven country where human‐animal mixing is common and provides a unique environment for zoonotic influenza A virus transmission. Objectives To identify potential demographic and ecological risk factors for human infection with seasonal influenza A viruses in rural Indonesia, a population‐based study was conducted in Cileunyi and Soreang subdistricts near Bandung in western Java from 2008 to 2011. Methods Passive influenza surveillance with RT‐PCR confirmation of influenza A viral RNA in respiratory specimens was utilized for case ascertainment. A population census and mapping were utilized for population data collection. The presence of influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections in a household was modeled using Generalized Estimating Equations. Results Each additional child aged <5 years in a household increased the odds of H3N2 approximately 5 times (OR=4.59, 95%CI: 3.30‐6.24) and H1N1pdm09 by 3.5 times (OR=3.53, 95%CI: 2.51‐4.96). In addition, the presence of 16‐30 birds in the house was associated with an increased odds of H3N2 (OR=5.08, 95%CI: 2.00‐12.92) and H1N1pdm09 (OR=12.51 95%CI: 6.23‐25.13). Conclusion Our findings suggest an increase in influenza A virus infections in rural Indonesian households with young children and poultry.