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Total daily fluoride intake and the relative contributions of foods, drinks and toothpaste by 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children in the G aza S trip – P alestine
Author(s) -
Abuhaloob Lamis,
Maguire Anne,
Moynihan Paula
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
international journal of paediatric dentistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.183
H-Index - 62
eISSN - 1365-263X
pISSN - 0960-7439
DOI - 10.1111/ipd.12108
Subject(s) - tap water , fluoride , toothpaste , medicine , liter , zoology , food science , chemistry , dentistry , environmental engineering , environmental science , inorganic chemistry , biology
Background Children in Gaza Strip suffer from a high prevalence of dental fluorosis. Aims To estimate and compare total daily fluoride (F) intake ( TDFI ) and investigate the relative contributions of different sources of F to TDFI , in 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children in Gaza Strip, exposed to low (<0.7 mg/litre), moderate (0.7–1.2 mg/litre) or high (>1.2 mg/litre) F concentrations in tap water. Design A 3‐day food diary and samples of tap water, drinks, foods, toothpastes and toothbrushing expectorate were collected from 216 children receiving low ( n = 81), moderate ( n = 72) or high ( n = 63) F concentrations in tap water. F concentration of samples was analysed using an F‐ion‐selective electrode. TDFI from all sources was estimated. Data were analysed by anova and Tukey's test. Results The mean (± SD ) F concentration in low, moderate and high F tap waters was 0.21(±0.15), 0.91(±0.13) and 1.71(±0.35) mg/litre, respectively. Mean (± SD ) TDFI was 0.02(±0.01), 0.04(±0.01) and 0.05(±0.03) mg/kg bw/day, respectively ( P < 0.0001). Foods made the largest contribution (63.9%) to TDFI . Conclusion Total daily fluoride (F) intake increased as F concentration in tap water increased. Foods were the primary source of F. Programmes for monitoring fluoride expose should consider the fluoride concentration of water used for food preparation and local dietary behaviours.