Premium
Acute health effects of desktop 3D printing (fused deposition modeling) using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid materials: An experimental exposure study in human volunteers
Author(s) -
Gümperlein I.,
Fischer E.,
DietrichGümperlein G.,
Karrasch S.,
Nowak D.,
Jörres R. A.,
Schierl R.
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
indoor air
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.387
H-Index - 99
eISSN - 1600-0668
pISSN - 0905-6947
DOI - 10.1111/ina.12458
Subject(s) - polylactic acid , acrylonitrile butadiene styrene , exhaled nitric oxide , ultrafine particle , inhalation exposure , medicine , inhalation , inflammation , chemistry , immunology , anesthesia , materials science , systemic inflammation , nanotechnology , polymer , organic chemistry
Abstract 3D printers are increasingly run at home. Nanoparticle emissions from those printers have been reported, which raises the question whether adverse health effects from ultrafine particles ( UFP ) can be elicited by 3D printers. We exposed 26 healthy adults in a single‐blinded, randomized, cross‐over design to emissions of a desktop 3D printer using fused deposition modeling ( FDM ) for 1 hour (high UFP ‐emitting acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ ABS ] vs low‐emitting polylactic acid [ PLA ]). Before and after exposures, cytokines ( IL ‐1β, IL ‐6, TNF ‐α, INF ‐γ) and ECP in nasal secretions, exhaled nitric oxide (Fe NO ), urinary 8‐isoprostaglandin F 2α (8‐iso PGF 2α ), and self‐reported symptoms were assessed. The exposures had no significant differential effect on 8‐iso PGF 2α and nasal biomarkers. However, there was a difference ( P < .05) in the time course of Fe NO , with higher levels after ABS exposure. Moreover, indisposition and odor nuisance were increased for ABS exposure. These data suggest that 1 hour of exposure to 3D printer emissions had no acute effect on inflammatory markers in nasal secretions and urine. The slight relative increase in Fe NO after ABS printing compared to PLA might be due to eosinophilic inflammation from inhaled UFP particles. This possibility should be investigated in further studies using additional biomarkers and longer observation periods.