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Household air pollution and personal exposure risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among rural residents in Shanxi, China
Author(s) -
Chen Y.,
Shen G.,
Huang Y.,
Zhang Y.,
Han Y.,
Wang R.,
Shen H.,
Su S.,
Lin N.,
Zhu D.,
Pei L.,
Zheng X.,
Wu J.,
Wang X.,
Liu W.,
Wong M.,
Tao S.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
indoor air
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.387
H-Index - 99
eISSN - 1600-0668
pISSN - 0905-6947
DOI - 10.1111/ina.12204
Subject(s) - environmental chemistry , pyrene , particulates , ingestion , chemistry , inhalation exposure , pollution , population , pollutant , air pollution , environmental science , environmental health , ecology , organic chemistry , biology , medicine , biochemistry , toxicity
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH s) are a group of pollutants of widespread concerns. Gaseous and size‐segregated particulate‐phase PAH s were collected in indoor and outdoor air in rural households. Personal exposure was measured and compared to the ingestion exposure. The average concentrations of 28 parent PAH s and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were 9000 ± 8390 and 131 ± 236 ng/m 3 for kitchen, 2590 ± 2270 and 43 ± 95 ng/m 3 for living room, and 2800 ± 3890 and 1.6 ± 0.7 ng/m 3 for outdoor air, respectively. The mass percent of high molecular weight ( HMW ) compounds with 5–6 rings contributed 1.3% to total 28 parent PAH s. Relatively higher fractions of HMW PAH s were found in indoor air compared to outdoor air. Majorities of particle‐bound PAH s were found in the finest PM 0.25 , and the highest levels of fine PM 0.25 ‐bound PAH s were in the kitchen using peat and wood as energy sources. The 24‐h personal PAH exposure concentration was 2100 ± 1300 ng/m 3 . Considering energies, exposures to those using wood were the highest. The PAH inhalation exposure comprised up to about 30% in total PAH exposure through food ingestion and inhalation, and the population attributable fraction ( PAF ) for lung cancer in the region was 0.85%. The risks for inhaled and ingested intakes of PAH s were 1.0 × 10 −5 and 1.1 × 10 −5 , respectively.