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Developing smarter vaccines for paratuberculosis: From early biomarkers to vaccine design
Author(s) -
Silva Kumudika
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
immunological reviews
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.839
H-Index - 223
eISSN - 1600-065X
pISSN - 0105-2896
DOI - 10.1111/imr.12961
Subject(s) - mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis , paratuberculosis , biology , disease , immunity , immunology , acquired immune system , immune system , vaccination , livestock , pathogen , virology , mycobacterium , medicine , ecology , genetics , pathology , bacteria
Vaccines for paratuberculosis have been used for over a hundred years but the disease continues to affect ruminant health and livestock industries globally. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis which causes the disease also known as Johne's disease is a subversive pathogen able to undermine both innate and adaptive host defense mechanisms. This review focuses on early protective immune pathways that lead to some animals becoming resilient to infection to provide a road map for designing better vaccines and emphasizes the need for harnessing the potential of mucosal immunity.