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B‐cell memory in malaria: Myths and realities
Author(s) -
PérezMazliah Damián,
Ndungu Francis M.,
Aye Racheal,
Langhorne Jean
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
immunological reviews
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.839
H-Index - 223
eISSN - 1600-065X
pISSN - 0105-2896
DOI - 10.1111/imr.12822
Subject(s) - immunology , biology , malaria , antibody , plasmodium berghei , parasitemia , virology , plasmodium (life cycle) , antigen , b cell , immunity , memory b cell , immune system , plasmodium falciparum , parasite hosting , world wide web , computer science
Summary B‐cell and antibody responses to Plasmodium spp., the parasite that causes malaria, are critical for control of parasitemia and associated immunopathology. Antibodies also provide protection to reinfection. Long‐lasting B‐cell memory has been shown to occur in response to Plasmodium spp. in experimental model infections, and in human malaria. However, there are reports that antibody responses to several malaria antigens in young children living with malaria are not similarly long‐lived, suggesting a dysfunction in the maintenance of circulating antibodies. Some studies attribute this to the expansion of atypical memory B cells (AMB), which express multiple inhibitory receptors and activation markers, and are hyporesponsive to B‐cell receptor (BCR) restimulation in vitro. AMB are also expanded in other chronic infections such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, and HIV, as well as in autoimmunity and old age, highlighting the importance of understanding their role in immunity. Whether AMB are dysfunctional remains controversial, as there are also studies in other infections showing that AMB can produce isotype‐switched antibodies and in mouse can contribute to protection against infection. In light of these controversies, we review the most recent literature on either side of the debate and challenge some of the currently held views regarding B‐cell responses to Plasmodium infections.