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Understanding and measuring human B‐cell tolerance and its breakdown in autoimmune disease
Author(s) -
Cashman Kevin S.,
Jenks Scott A.,
Woodruff Matthew C.,
Tomar Deepak,
Tipton Christopher M.,
Scharer Christopher D.,
EunHyung Lee F.,
Boss Jeremy M.,
Sanz Iñaki
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
immunological reviews
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 6.839
H-Index - 223
eISSN - 1600-065X
pISSN - 0105-2896
DOI - 10.1111/imr.12820
Subject(s) - autoimmunity , biology , immune tolerance , immunology , immune system , peripheral tolerance , autoimmune disease , disease , clonal deletion , computational biology , t cell , t cell receptor , antibody , medicine , pathology
The maintenance of immunological tolerance of B lymphocytes is a complex and critical process that must be implemented as to avoid the detrimental development of autoreactivity and possible autoimmunity. Murine models have been invaluable to elucidate many of the key components in B‐cell tolerance; however, translation to human homeostatic and pathogenic immune states can be difficult to assess. Functional autoreactive, flow cytometric, and single‐cell cloning assays have proven to be critical in deciphering breaks in B‐cell tolerance within autoimmunity; however, newer approaches to assess human B‐cell tolerance may prove to be vital in the further exploration of underlying tolerance defects. In this review, we supply a comprehensive overview of human immune tolerance checkpoints with associated mechanisms of enforcement, and highlight current and future methodologies which are likely to benefit future studies into the mechanisms that become defective in human autoimmune conditions.