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Immune polarization by hookworms: taking cues from T helper type 2, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages
Author(s) -
Nair Meera G.,
Herbert De'Broski R.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
immunology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.297
H-Index - 133
eISSN - 1365-2567
pISSN - 0019-2805
DOI - 10.1111/imm.12601
Subject(s) - nippostrongylus brasiliensis , necator americanus , biology , immunology , immune system , innate lymphoid cell , brugia malayi , ancylostoma duodenale , immunity , lymphatic system , innate immune system , helminths , filariasis , ascaris lumbricoides
Summary Cellular and molecular investigation of parasitic helminth infections has greatly accelerated the understanding of type 2 immune responses. However, there remains considerable debate regarding the specific leucocytes that kill parasites and whether these mechanisms are distinct from those responsible for tissue repair. Herein, we chronicle discoveries over the past decade highlighting current paradigms in type 2 immunity with a particular emphasis upon how CD 4 + T helper type 2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages coordinately control helminth‐induced parasitism. Primarily, this review will draw from studies of the murine nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis , which bears important similarities to the human hookworms Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus . Given that one or more hookworm species currently infect millions of individuals across the globe, we propose that vaccine and/or pharmaceutical‐based cure strategies targeting these affected human populations should incorporate the conceptual advances outlined herein.