Increased expression of programmed death (PD)‐1 and its ligand PD ‐L1 correlates with impaired cell‐mediated immunity in high‐risk human papillomavirus‐related cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Summary Impaired local cellular immunity contributes to the pathogenesis of persistent high‐risk human papillomavirus ( HR ‐ HPV ) infection and related cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ( CIN ), but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, the programmed death 1/programmed death 1 ligand ( PD ‐1/ PD ‐ L 1; CD 279/ CD 274) pathway was demonstrated to play a critical role in attenuating T ‐cell responses and promoting T ‐cell tolerance during chronic viral infections. In this study, we examined the expression of PD ‐1 and PD ‐ L 1 on cervical T cells and dendritic cells ( DC s), respectively, from 40 women who were HR ‐ HPV ‐negative (−) or HR ‐ HPV ‐positive (+) with CIN grades 0, I and II – III . We also measured interferon‐γ, interleukin‐12 ( IL ‐12) and IL ‐10 in cervical exudates. The most common HPV type was HPV 16, followed by HPV 18, 33, 51 and 58. PD ‐1 and PD ‐ L 1 expression on cervical T cells and DC s, respectively, was associated with HR ‐ HPV positivity and increased in parallel with increasing CIN grade. The opposite pattern was observed for CD 80 and CD 86 expression on DC s, which decreased in HR ‐ HPV (+) patients in parallel with increasing CIN grade. Similarly, reduced levels of the T helper type 1 cytokines interferon‐γ and IL ‐12 and increased levels of the T helper type 2 cytokine IL ‐10 in cervical exudates correlated with HR ‐ HPV positivity and CIN grade. Our results suggest that up‐regulation of the inhibitory PD ‐1/ PD ‐L1 pathway may negatively regulate cervical cell‐mediated immunity to HPV and contribute to the progression of HR ‐ HPV ‐related CIN . These results may aid in the development of PD ‐1/ PD ‐ L 1 pathway‐based strategies for immunotherapy of HR ‐ HPV ‐related CIN .