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Mycoplasma genitalium in male urethritis: Diagnosis and treatment in J apan
Author(s) -
Hamasuna Ryoichi
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
international journal of urology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.172
H-Index - 67
eISSN - 1442-2042
pISSN - 0919-8172
DOI - 10.1111/iju.12152
Subject(s) - mycoplasma genitalium , urethritis , moxifloxacin , azithromycin , medicine , non gonococcal urethritis , cervicitis , neisseria gonorrhoeae , chlamydia trachomatis , microbiology and biotechnology , virology , gynecology , antibiotics , biology
Male urethritis is a common disease for urologists, with the most common pathogens being, C hlamydia trachomatis and N eisseria gonorrhoeae . When the tests fail to detect these pathogens, the presented urethritis is called non‐chlamydial non‐gonococcal urethritis. Mycoplasma genitalium is one of the pathogens for non‐chlamydial non‐gonococcal urethritis. The test for detecting M . genitalium , which is commercially available in J apan, is not accepted by the J apanese insurance system now. The detection rate of M . genitalium from patients with non‐gonococcal urethritis is 10–20% in J apan. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for M . genitalium showed that macrolide has the strongest activity and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of tetracyclines were not substantially lower. Some kinds of fluoroquinolones, such as sitafloxacin and moxifloxacin, have stronger activities against M . genitalium . For non‐gonococcal urethritis, macrolides and tetracycline are recommended in some guidelines. In clinical studies, tetracyclines are less effective against M . genitalium than azithromycin, and azithromycin regimens including 1 g stat or 2 g stat are now recommended for urethritis with M . genitalium . However, macrolide‐resistant M . genitalium strains have recently emerged and are spreading worldwide. This macrolide‐resistance is closely related to mutations on the 23 S r RNA gene. Sitafloxacin and moxifloxacin have shown good efficacies for M . genitalium in some clinical studies. If the azithromycin regimens fail, we must consider the use of fluoroquinolones, such as sitafloxacin, in J apan. The most important issues include the acceptance of M . genitalium examinations by the national insurance system and the individual treatment of C . trachomatis and M . genitalium in the not‐too‐distant future.