Open AccessInfluenza, influenza‐like symptoms and their association with cardiovascular risks: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Author(s) -
Kwok C. S.,
Aslam S.,
Kontopantelis E.,
Myint P. K.,
Zaman M. J. S.,
Buchan I.,
Loke Y. K.,
Mamas M. A.
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
international journal of clinical practice
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.756
H-Index - 98
eISSN - 1742-1241
pISSN - 1368-5031
DOI - 10.1111/ijcp.12646
Subject(s) - medicine , meta analysis , confidence interval , odds ratio , confounding , stroke (engine) , observational study , myocardial infarction , publication bias , relative risk , mechanical engineering , engineering
Summary Aims To synthesise the evidence relating influenza and influenza‐like symptoms to the risks of myocardial infarction ( MI ), heart failure ( HF ) and stroke. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the evidence relating influenza and influenza‐like symptoms to the risks of MI , HF and stroke. We systematically searched all MEDLINE and EMBASE entries up to August 2014 for studies of influenza vs. the cardiovascular outcomes above. We conducted random effects meta‐analysis using inverse variance method for pooled odds ratios ( OR ) and evaluated statistical heterogeneity using the I 2 statistic. Results We identified 12 studies with a total of 84,003 participants. The pooled OR for risk of MI vs. influenza (serologically confirmed) was 1.27 (95% CI , confidence interval 0.54–2.95), I 2 = 47%, which was significant for the only study that adjusted for confounders ( OR 5.50, 95% CI 1.31–23.13). The pooled OR for risk of MI vs. influenza‐like symptoms was 2.17 (95% CI 1.68–2.80), I 2 = 0%, which was significant for both unadjusted ( OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.65–3.01, five studies) and adjusted studies ( OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.24–3.27, two studies). We found one study that evaluated stroke risk, one study in patients with HF , and one that evaluated mortality from MI – all of these studies suggested increased risks of events with influenza‐like symptoms. Conclusions There is an association between influenza‐like illness and cardiovascular events, but the relationship is less clear with serologically diagnosed influenza. We recommend renewed efforts to apply current clinical guidelines and maximise the uptake of annual influenza immunisation among patients with cardiovascular diseases, to decrease their risks of MI and stroke.