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Summary   Background  Previous studies have demonstrated significant variability in the processes of care and outcomes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) exacerbations. The  AUDIPOC  is a Spanish nationwide clinical audit that identified large between‐hospital variations in care and clinical outcomes. Here, we test the hypothesis that these variations can be attributed to either patient characteristics, hospital characteristics and/or the so‐called hospital‐clustering effect, which indicates that patients with similar characteristics may experience different processes of care and outcomes depending on the hospital to which they are admitted.    Methods  A clinical audit of 5178  COPD  patients consecutively admitted to 129 Spanish public hospitals was performed, with a 90‐day follow‐up. Multilevel regression analysis was conducted to model the probability of patients experiencing adverse outcomes. For each outcome, an  empty  model (with no independent variables) was fitted to assess the clustering effect, followed by a model  adjusted  for the patient‐ and hospital‐level covariables. The hospital‐clustering effect was estimated using the intracluster correlation coefficient ( ICC ); the cluster heterogeneity was estimated with the median odds ratio ( MOR ), and the coefficients of predictors were estimated with the odds ratio ( OR ).    Results  In the  empty  models, the  ICC  ( MOR ) for inpatient mortality and the follow‐up mortality and readmission were 0.10 (1.80), 0.08 (1.65) and 0.01 (1.24), respectively. In the  adjusted  models, the variables that most represented the patients’ clinical conditions and interventions were identified as outcome predictors and further reduced the hospital variations. By contrast, the resource factors were primarily unrelated with outcomes.    Conclusions  This study demonstrates a noteworthy reduction in the observed crude between‐hospital variation in outcomes after accounting for the hospital‐cluster effect and the variables representing patient's clinical conditions. This emphasises the predictor importance of the patients’ clinical conditions and interventions, and understates the impacts of hospital resources and organisational factors.

international journal of clinical practice

Determinants of between‐hospital variations in outcomes for patients admitted with  COPD  exacerbations: findings from a nationwide clinical audit ( AUDIPOC ) in Spain