Anti‐inflammatory effects of glutamine on LPS ‐stimulated human dental pulp cells correlate with activation of MKP ‐1 and attenuation of the MAPK and NF‐κB pathways

Aim To evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effects of glutamine and the underlying signal pathway mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide ( LPS )‐stimulated human dental pulp cells ( HDPC s). Methods Human dental pulp cells were exposed to 10 μg mL −1 LPS and various concentrations of glutamine for 24 h. The production of PGE 2 and nitric oxide was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) and Griess reagent kit, respectively. Cytokines were examined by ELISA , reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction ( RT‐PCR ) and real‐time PCR . i NOS and COX protein expression as well as signal pathways were accessed by W estern blot. The data were analysed by anova with B onferroni's test (α = 0.05). Results Glutamine reduced LPS ‐induced iNOS and COX ‐2 protein expression as well as production of NO and PGE 2 in a dose‐dependent fashion. Additionally, glutamine suppressed the production and m RNA expression of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin‐1β ( IL ‐1β), TNF ‐α, and IL ‐8. Furthermore, glutamine attenuated phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase ( ERK ), p38, c‐Jun N ‐terminal kinase ( JNK ) and IκB‐α, and nuclear translocation of NF ‐ kB p65, but enhanced mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase‐1 ( MKP ‐1) expression in LPS ‐treated HDPC s. Conclusion Glutamine exerted an anti‐inflammatory effect via activation of MKP ‐1 and inhibition of the NF ‐ kB and MAPK pathways in LPS ‐treated HDPC s.