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The physical and chemical disruption of human hair after bleaching – studies by transmission electron microscopy and redox proteomics
Author(s) -
Grosvenor A. J.,
DebChoudhury S.,
Middlewood P. G.,
Thomas A.,
Lee E.,
Ver J. A.,
Woods J. L.,
Taylor C.,
Bell F. I.,
Clerens S.
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
international journal of cosmetic science
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.532
H-Index - 62
eISSN - 1468-2494
pISSN - 0142-5463
DOI - 10.1111/ics.12495
Subject(s) - chemistry , cysteic acid , peroxide , keratin , biophysics , melanin , cuticle (hair) , cystine , hydrogen peroxide , amino acid , bleach , biochemistry , redox , cysteine , organic chemistry , biology , anatomy , enzyme , paleontology
Abstract Objective To understand the structural and chemical effects of cosmetic peroxide bleaching on human hair. Methods Human hair was progressively bleached using alkaline peroxide–persulphate treatment. Proteins lost through leaching were examined using amino acid analysis and mass spectrometric sequencing. Fibre damage was assessed using transmission electron microscopy, amino acid analysis and redox proteomics. Results Protein loss through leaching increased with bleaching severity. Leached proteins were not limited to the cuticle, but also included cortical intermediate filaments and matrix keratin‐associated proteins. The leached proteins were progressively oxidized as bleaching severity increased. Bleached fibres demonstrated substantial damage to the cuticle layers and to the cortex. Extensive melanin granule degradation was present after the mildest bleach treatment. Protein oxidation in bleached fibres was principally in cortical intermediate filaments – the most abundant hair proteins – and targeted the sulphur‐containing amino acids, particularly the conversion of cystine disulphide bonds to cysteic acid. Conclusion Peroxide chemical treatments quickly access the cortex, causing untargeted oxidative damage across the fibre in addition to the desired loss of melanin. Peroxide ingress is likely facilitated by the considerable structural degradation caused to the cuticle layers of hair fibres. The consequences of the peroxide action within the cuticle and cortex are oxidation of the proteins, and subsequent protein loss from the fibre that correlates to bleaching severity.