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Changes in elevated cholesterol in the era of tenofovir in South Africa: risk factors, clinical management and outcomes
Author(s) -
Jamieson L,
Evans D,
Brennan AT,
Moyo F,
Spencer D,
Mahomed K,
Maskew M,
Long L,
Rosen S,
Fox MP
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
hiv medicine
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.53
H-Index - 79
eISSN - 1468-1293
pISSN - 1464-2662
DOI - 10.1111/hiv.12495
Subject(s) - medicine , hazard ratio , body mass index , confidence interval , cohort , regimen , proportional hazards model , cohort study , population , lipid profile , cholesterol , environmental health
Objectives Antiretroviral therapy ( ART ) has been associated with unfavourable lipid profile changes and increased risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD ). With a growing population on ART in South Africa, there has been concern about the increase in noncommunicable diseases such as CVD . We determined risk factors associated with increased total cholesterol ( TC ) in a large cohort on ART and describe the clinical management thereof. Methods We conducted an observational cohort study of ART ‐naïve adults initiating standard first‐line ART in a large urban clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. TC was measured annually for most patients. A proportional hazards regression model was used to determine risk factors associated with incident high TC (≥ 6 mmol/L). Results Significant risk factors included initial regimen non‐tenofovir vs . tenofovir [hazard ratio ( HR ) 1.54; 95% confidence interval ( CI ) 1.14–2.08], age ≥40 vs . <30 years ( HR 3.22; 95% CI 2.07–4.99), body mass index ( BMI ) ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ( HR 1.65; 95% CI 1.18–2.31) and BMI 25–29.9 kg/m 2 ( HR 1.70; 95% CI 1.30–2.23) vs . 18–24.9 kg/m 2 , and baseline CD 4 count < 50 cells/μL ( HR 1.55; 95% CI 1.10–2.20) and 50–99 cells/μL ( HR 1.40; 95% CI 1.00–1.97) vs . > 200 cells/μL. Two‐thirds of patients with high TC were given cholesterol‐lowering drugs, after repeat TC measurements about 12 months apart, while 31.8% were likely to have received dietary counselling only. Conclusions Older age, higher BMI , lower CD 4 count and a non‐tenofovir regimen were risk factors for incident elevated TC . Current guidelines do not indicate regular cholesterol testing at ART clinic visits, which are the main exposure to regular clinical monitoring for most HIV ‐positive individuals. If regular cholesterol monitoring is conducted, improvements can be made to identify and treat patients sooner.