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The Effect of Psychiatric Comorbidities on Headache‐Related Disability in Migraine: Results From the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) Study
Author(s) -
Lipton Richard B.,
Seng Elizabeth K.,
Chu Min Kyung,
Reed Michael L.,
Fanning Kristina M.,
Adams Aubrey Manack,
Buse Dawn C.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
headache: the journal of head and face pain
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.14
H-Index - 119
eISSN - 1526-4610
pISSN - 0017-8748
DOI - 10.1111/head.13914
Subject(s) - migraine , anxiety , depression (economics) , medicine , chronic migraine , epidemiology , psychiatry , international classification of headache disorders , hospital anxiety and depression scale , comorbidity , confidence interval , economics , macroeconomics
Objective To examine the influences of depression and anxiety on headache‐related disability in people with episodic migraine or chronic migraine. Background Depression and anxiety are common comorbidities in people with migraine, especially among those with chronic migraine. Methods This cross‐sectional analysis of data from the longitudinal, internet‐based Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes Study assessed sociodemographic and headache features, and headache‐related disability (Migraine Disability Assessment Scale). Four groups were defined based on scores from validated screeners for depression (9‐item Patient Health Questionnaire) and anxiety (7‐item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale): depression alone, anxiety alone, both, or neither. Results Respondents (N = 16,788) were predominantly women (74.4% [12,494/16,788]) and white (84.0% [14,044/16,788]); mean age was 41 years. Depression was more likely in persons with chronic migraine vs episodic migraine (56.6% [836/1476] vs 30.0% [4589/15,312]; P < .001), as were anxiety (48.4% [715/1476] vs 28.1% 4307/15,312]; P < .001) and coexisting depression and anxiety (42.0% [620/1476] vs 20.8% [3192/15,312]; P < .001). After controlling for headache frequency and other covariates, depression alone, and anxiety alone were associated with 56.0% (rate ratio [RR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46‐1.66) and 39.0% (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.30‐1.50) increased risks of moderate/severe migraine‐related disability (both P < .001), respectively; the combination had an even greater effect on risk of moderate/severe disability (79.0% increase; RR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.71‐1.87; P < .001). Conclusions Depression alone and anxiety alone are associated with greater headache‐related disability after controlling for sociodemographic and headache features. Coexisting depression and anxiety are more strongly associated with disability than either comorbidity in isolation. Interventions targeting depression and anxiety as well as migraine itself may improve headache‐related disability in people with migraine.