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Thinking Outside the Boxcar: Effective and Sustainable Combined Remedies Using Single Application of Multifunctional Amendments
Author(s) -
Burns Matthew,
Carstens David,
Ghosh Emily,
Lewis Richard,
Zajdlik Jason,
Bakenne Ademola M.,
De Tilly Robert Noel
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
groundwater monitoring and remediation
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.677
H-Index - 47
eISSN - 1745-6592
pISSN - 1069-3629
DOI - 10.1111/gwmr.12196
Subject(s) - environmental remediation , sustainability , biochemical engineering , limiting , flexibility (engineering) , waste management , chlorinated solvents , environmental science , environmental economics , risk analysis (engineering) , groundwater , business , engineering , contamination , ecology , economics , mechanical engineering , geotechnical engineering , management , biology
The combined remedy approach to groundwater remediation optimizes contaminated site cleanup as measured by technical efficacy and sustainability. Regardless of the potential for improving site cleanups, there are several obstacles limiting the implementation of combined remedies. The obstacles primarily stem from an inability of liability owners to easily determine if economic costs are synergistic or additive and from regulatory hesitancy to codify needed timing and technology sequencing flexibility within design documents. These obstacles can often be circumvented by employing multicomponent and multifunctional remedial amendment formulations delivered with a single application. Case studies are presented that demonstrate efficacy of this combined remedies approach. The sustainability of the approach is also assessed by evaluation of economic viability, social productivity, and environmental protection. The case studies include combined abiotic and biotic degradation of chlorinated ethene and ethane compounds, combined reductive, and microaerophilic treatment of chlorinated benzenes, and combined chemical oxidation and biodegradation of petroleum compounds. Case studies are supported with conventional concentration trends and advanced diagnostics including compound specific isotope analysis ( CSIA ) and genetic‐based molecular biological tools ( MBTs ).