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Inter‐ and intraspecific selection in alien plants: How population growth, functional traits and climate responses change with residence time
Author(s) -
Brendel Marco R.,
Schurr Frank M.,
Sheppard Christine S.
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
global ecology and biogeography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.164
H-Index - 152
eISSN - 1466-8238
pISSN - 1466-822X
DOI - 10.1111/geb.13228
Subject(s) - population , trait , ecology , intraspecific competition , biology , population growth , range (aeronautics) , mesocosm , climate change , residence , demography , ecosystem , materials science , sociology , computer science , composite material , programming language
Abstract Aim When alien species are introduced to new ranges, climate or trait mismatches may initially constrain their population growth. However, inter‐ and intraspecific selection in the new environment should cause population growth rates to increase with residence time. Using a species‐for‐time approach, we test whether with increasing residence time (a) negative effects of climatic mismatches between the species’ new and native range on population growth weaken, and (b) functional traits converge towards values that maximize population growth in the new range. Location Germany. Time period 12,000 years BP to present. Major taxa studied Forty‐six plant species of the Asteraceae family. Methods We set up a common‐garden mesocosm‐experiment using annual plant species with a wide range of residence times (7–12,000 years) and followed their population dynamics over 2 years. We calculated climatic distance between the common garden and the species’ native range. We also measured key functional traits of each species to analyse trait–demography relationships and test trait convergence with increasing residence time. Results We found no support for the hypothesis that negative effects of climatic mismatches on population growth weaken with residence time. However, seed mass had a clear negative effect on population growth. As expected under such strong directional selection between or within species, increasing residence time led seed mass to converge to low values that increase population growth. Accordingly, population growth tended to increase with residence time. Main conclusions We identify trait but not climatic mismatches as important constraints on population growth of invaders. Understanding how inter‐ and intraspecific selection shapes functional traits of alien species should improve the predictability of future invasions and help understanding of limits to the population growth and spread of invaders already present. In a broader context, this study contributes to the conceptual integration of invasion biology with community, functional and population ecology.