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Macrorefugia for North American trees and songbirds: Climatic limiting factors and multi‐scale topographic influences
Author(s) -
Stralberg Diana,
Carroll Carlos,
Pedlar John H.,
Wilsey Chad B.,
McKenney Daniel W.,
Nielsen Scott E.
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
global ecology and biogeography
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 3.164
H-Index - 152
eISSN - 1466-8238
pISSN - 1466-822X
DOI - 10.1111/geb.12731
Subject(s) - songbird , ecology , precipitation , climate change , geography , species richness , elevation (ballistics) , physical geography , vegetation (pathology) , woodland , taxon , spatial ecology , indicator value , biology , medicine , geometry , mathematics , pathology , meteorology
Aim To inform conservation planning in the face of climate change, our objectives were to map spatial patterns of tree and songbird macrorefugia; to identify climatic limiting factors by region and taxonomic group; and to quantify multi‐scale topographic components of end‐of‐century biotic refugia. Location United States and Canada outside the far north. Time period End of the 21st century. Major taxa studied Trees and songbirds. Methods We used species distribution models for 324 trees and 268 songbirds to develop a macrorefugia index using species‐specific climate velocity. Maps of multispecies refugia potential were developed for each taxonomic/functional group and quantile regression was used to identify climatic limiting factors and relationships with multi‐scale topographic variables. Results End‐of‐century macrorefugia for both trees and songbirds were concentrated in western mountains and, to a lesser extent, in north‐eastern coastal regions. For the highest‐value refugia, precipitation was generally most limiting in the north, and warm temperatures and moisture availability were limiting in the south. Tree refugia were more limited by precipitation and moisture, while songbird refugia were more limited by temperature. Upper‐percentile refugia, but not median values, were well explained by topographic conditions. Songbird refugia were strongly associated with elevation, while coastal proximity and landform composition (particularly headwaters) were important for both groups. There was a general lack of concordance between patterns of current species richness and future climate refugia. Main conclusions Macrorefugia patterns are partly explained by steep elevational or latitudinal temperature gradients and/or moderate climates, such as coastal regions. However, climatic limiting factors for these refugia suggest contrasts in the ecological processes governing warm‐end range limits for different taxa in different regions. Our framework can be applied to other regions, taxa, and time periods to generate and explain biologically meaningful indices of macrorefugia for conservation planning.