Floral display and effects of natural and artificial pollination on fruiting and seed yield of the tropical biofuel crop J atropha curcas L.

J atropha curcas L . is a tropical tree grown on large scale as a potential biofuel seed crop. However, little information on the reproductive ecology of the species is available. This lack of knowledge makes it hard to predict yield. The higher number of male flowers than female flowers results in a very low yield. In this context, field experiments were conducted in mature (site 1) and young (site 2) plantations in Z ambia and mature plantation (site 3) in M alawi to study flowering characteristics and the effect of pollination methods on the fruiting and seed yield of J . curcas . Pollination treatments were open pollination, autogamous pollination, self‐pollination, cross‐pollination and pollen supplemented open pollination. The result showed J . curcas is not only of protandrous nature as reported earlier. The male female flower sex ratio was 17 : 1, 22 : 1 and 10 : 1, respectively, for site 1 and 2 in Z ambia and site 3 in M alawi. The mean flower longevity periods were 1.80 ± 0.07 days for male and 4.5 ± 0.18 days for female. Fewer fruit set and seed yield were recorded from autogamous pollination in Z ambia sites. In the case of M alawi, more matured fruits resulted from autogamous pollination but the fruits contained fewer seeds. High fruit and seed yield were recorded for open pollination similar to pollen‐supplemented pollination at Z ambia sites, which indicates there was no pollen limitation in these sites. In the M alawi site there was no seed yield difference between pollination treatments. The experiment showed that J . curcas can be both protandrous and protogynous and able to produce seeds through both self‐and cross‐pollination. The natural fruit set and seed yield indicates that stimulating natural pollination will improve J . curcas fruit set and seed yield.