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Habitat traits and food availability determine the response of marine invertebrates to ocean acidification
Author(s) -
Pansch Christian,
Schaub Iris,
Havenhand Jonathan,
Wahl Martin
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
global change biology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 4.146
H-Index - 255
eISSN - 1365-2486
pISSN - 1354-1013
DOI - 10.1111/gcb.12478
Subject(s) - ocean acidification , biology , population , ecology , habitat , juvenile , pco2 , zoology , fishery , seawater , medicine , demography , sociology
Energy availability and local adaptation are major components in mediating the effects of ocean acidification ( OA ) on marine species. In a long‐term study, we investigated the effects of food availability and elevated p CO 2 (ca. 400, 1000 and 3000 μatm) on growth of newly settled Amphibalanus (Balanus) improvisus to reproduction, and on their offspring. We also compared two different populations, which were presumed to differ in their sensitivity to p CO 2 due to differing habitat conditions: Kiel Fjord, Germany (Western Baltic Sea) with naturally strong p CO 2 fluctuations, and the Tjärnö Archipelago, Sweden (Skagerrak) with far lower fluctuations. Over 20 weeks, survival, growth, reproduction and shell strength of Kiel barnacles were all unaffected by elevated p CO 2 , regardless of food availability. Moulting frequency and shell corrosion increased with increasing p CO 2 in adults. Larval development and juvenile growth of the F1 generation were tolerant to increased p CO 2 , irrespective of parental treatment. In contrast, elevated p CO 2 had a strong negative impact on survival of Tjärnö barnacles. Specimens from this population were able to withstand moderate levels of elevated p CO 2 over 5 weeks when food was plentiful but showed reduced growth under food limitation. Severe levels of elevated p CO 2 negatively impacted growth of Tjärnö barnacles in both food treatments. We demonstrate a conspicuously higher tolerance to elevated p CO 2 in Kiel barnacles than in Tjärnö barnacles. This tolerance was carried over from adults to their offspring. Our findings indicate that populations from fluctuating p CO 2 environments are more tolerant to elevated p CO 2 than populations from more stable p CO 2 habitats. We furthermore provide evidence that energy availability can mediate the ability of barnacles to withstand moderate CO 2 stress. Considering the high tolerance of Kiel specimens and the possibility to adapt over many generations, near future OA alone does not seem to present a major threat for A. improvisus .