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A 50‐year retrospective review of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches
Author(s) -
Pook L. P.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
fatigue and fracture of engineering materials and structures
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.887
H-Index - 84
eISSN - 1460-2695
pISSN - 8756-758X
DOI - 10.1111/ffe.12074
Subject(s) - stress intensity factor , isotropy , plane stress , fracture mechanics , crack tip opening displacement , crack closure , linear elasticity , materials science , tension (geology) , structural engineering , displacement (psychology) , fracture (geology) , gravitational singularity , point (geometry) , mechanics , geometry , engineering , composite material , mathematics , physics , mathematical analysis , compression (physics) , finite element method , optics , psychology , psychotherapist
This review is a brief survey of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches. The overall aim is to review developments over the past 50 years leading up to the current state of the art. The review is restricted to linear elastic, homogeneous, isotropic materials, with any yielding confined to a small region at a crack or notch tip. It is also restricted to static loading and to constant amplitude fatigue loading. An enormous amount of theoretical and experimental information relevant to three‐dimensional effects has been published in the past five decades, so the review is, of necessity, highly selective. Theoretical topics covered are linear elastic fracture mechanics, including Volterra distorsioni, stress intensity factors, corner point singularities, crack front line tension, displacement analysis of cracks and notches, and through thickness distributions of stresses and stress intensity factors. Crack path topics covered are fatigue crack path constraints, determination of fatigue crack paths, oscillating crack fronts in thin sheets and the transition to slant crack propagation in thin sheets. Plane strain fracture toughness testing, including standards, is covered. Overall, it can be concluded that the existence of three‐dimensional effects at cracks and sharp notches has been known for many years, but understanding has been limited, and for some situations still is. Understanding improved when the existence of corner point singularities and their implications became known. Increasingly powerful computers made it possible to investigate three‐dimensional effects numerically in detail. Despite increased understanding, three‐dimensional effects are sometimes ignored in situations where they may be important.