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Necroptosis directly induces the release of full‐length biologically active IL ‐33 in vitro and in an inflammatory disease model
Author(s) -
Shlomovitz Inbar,
Erlich Ziv,
Speir Mary,
Zargarian Sefi,
Baram Noam,
Engler Maya,
EdryBotzer Liat,
Munitz Ariel,
Croker Ben A.,
Gerlic Motti
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
the febs journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.981
H-Index - 204
eISSN - 1742-4658
pISSN - 1742-464X
DOI - 10.1111/febs.14738
Subject(s) - necroptosis , programmed cell death , ripk1 , microbiology and biotechnology , immune system , biology , chemokine , cytokine , inflammation , tumor necrosis factor alpha , proinflammatory cytokine , immunology , apoptosis , biochemistry
Interleukin‐33 ( IL ‐33) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine that plays a significant role in inflammatory diseases by activating immune cells to induce type 2 immune responses upon its release. Although IL ‐33 is known to be released during tissue damage, its exact release mechanism is not yet fully understood. Previously, we have shown that cleaved IL ‐33 can be detected in the plasma and epithelium of Ripk1 −/− neonates, which succumb to systemic inflammation driven by spontaneous receptor‐interacting protein kinase‐3 ( RIPK 3)‐dependent necroptotic cell death, shortly after birth. Thus, we hypothesized that necroptosis, a RIPK 3/mixed lineage kinase‐like protein ( MLKL )‐dependent, caspase‐independent cell death pathway controls IL ‐33 release. Here, we show that necroptosis directly induces the release of nuclear IL ‐33 in its full‐length form. Unlike the necroptosis executioner protein, MLKL , which was released in its active phosphorylated form in extracellular vesicles, IL ‐33 was released directly into the supernatant. Importantly, full‐length IL ‐33 released in response to necroptosis was found to be bioactive, as it was able to activate basophils and eosinophils. Finally, the human and murine necroptosis inhibitor, GW 806742X, blocked necroptosis and IL ‐33 release in vitro and reduced eosinophilia in Aspergillus fumigatus extract‐induced asthma in vivo , an allergic inflammation model that is highly dependent on IL ‐33. Collectively, these data establish for the first time, necroptosis as a direct mechanism for IL ‐33 release, a finding that may have major implications in type 2 immune responses.