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The expanding role of PARP s in the establishment and maintenance of heterochromatin
Author(s) -
Dantzer Françoise,
Santoro Raffaella
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
the febs journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.981
H-Index - 204
eISSN - 1742-4658
pISSN - 1742-464X
DOI - 10.1111/febs.12368
Subject(s) - heterochromatin , biology , chromatin , parp1 , heterochromatin protein 1 , histone , telomere , rna interference , genetics , microbiology and biotechnology , gene , poly adp ribose polymerase , rna , polymerase
Poly( ADP ‐ribose) polymerases ( PARP s) are enzymes that transfer poly( ADP ‐ribose) ( PAR ) groups to target proteins, and thereby affect various nuclear and cytoplasmic processes. The activity of PARP family members, such as PARP 1 and PARP 2, is tied to cellular signalling pathways, and, through poly( ADP ‐ribosyl)ation, they ultimately promote changes in chromatin architecture, gene expression, and the location and activity of proteins that mediate signalling responses. A growing body of evidence suggest that PARP s, particularly PARP 1 and PARP 2, also operate at heterochromatic regions such as the inactive X chromosome, telomeres, pericentric heterochromatin and silent ribosomal RNA (r RNA ) genes. Both proteins localize to heterochromatic sites and often associate with or poly( ADP ‐ribosyl)ate histones and heterochromatin‐binding proteins, thereby modulating their activities. In this review, we describe current knowledge concerning the role of PARP s in establishment and inheritance of heterochromatic structures, and highlight how their contribution affects biological outcomes.