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The hallmarks of P arkinson's disease
Author(s) -
Antony Paul M. A.,
Diederich Nico J.,
Krüger Rejko,
Balling Rudi
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
the febs journal
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.981
H-Index - 204
eISSN - 1742-4658
pISSN - 1742-464X
DOI - 10.1111/febs.12335
Subject(s) - disease , neuroscience , biology , phenotype , cell , computational biology , dopamine , clinical phenotype , pathogenesis , bioinformatics , medicine , genetics , gene , immunology
Since the discovery of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the 1950s, P arkinson's disease ( PD ) research has generated a rich and complex body of knowledge, revealing PD to be an age‐related multifactorial disease, influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The tremendous complexity of the disease is increased by a nonlinear progression of the pathogenesis between molecular, cellular and organic systems. In this minireview, we explore the complexity of PD and propose a systems‐based approach, organizing the available information around cellular disease hallmarks. We encourage our peers to adopt this cell‐based view with the aim of improving communication in interdisciplinary research endeavors targeting the molecular events, modulatory cell‐to‐cell signaling pathways and emerging clinical phenotypes related to PD .