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Influence of codebook patterns on writer recognition: An experimental study
Author(s) -
Djeddi Chawki,
Siddiqi Imran,
Gattal Abdeljalil,
AlMaadeed Somaya,
Ennaji Abdellatif
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
expert systems
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.365
H-Index - 38
eISSN - 1468-0394
pISSN - 0266-4720
DOI - 10.1111/exsy.12662
Subject(s) - codebook , computer science , handwriting , linde–buzo–gray algorithm , artificial intelligence , identification (biology) , pattern recognition (psychology) , set (abstract data type) , representation (politics) , natural language processing , arabic , speech recognition , linguistics , philosophy , botany , politics , political science , law , biology , programming language
Codebook‐based writer characterization is an effective technique that has been investigated in a number of recent studies on identification and verification of writers. These methods divide a set of writing samples into small units (fragments or graphemes) and cluster these patterns to produce a codebook. Writer of a handwritten sample is then characterized by the probability (distribution) of producing the codebook patterns. In most cases, a small subset of the database under study is employed to produce the codebook while the rest of the database is used in evaluations. This work aims to validate the hypothesis that the codebook simply serves as a representation space to compare different writings and, in most cases, the patterns in the codebook do not significantly influence the identification and verification performance. The hypothesis is validated by generating a number of codebooks using Greek, Arabic and Chinese handwritten samples. Moreover, codebooks using fragments of handwritten music scores, printed text and synthetic data are also investigated. Evaluations on three well‐known handwriting databases (CVL, BFL and IAM) validate the idea that, in general, the codebook patterns do not have a significant impact on characterizing writer from handwriting.