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The genetic architecture of maternal effects across ontogeny in the red deer
Author(s) -
Gauzere Julie,
Pemberton Josephine M.,
Morris Sean,
Morris Alison,
Kruuk Loeske E. B.,
Walling Craig A.
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
evolution
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.84
H-Index - 199
eISSN - 1558-5646
pISSN - 0014-3820
DOI - 10.1111/evo.14000
Subject(s) - biology , genetic architecture , maternal effect , genetic variation , genetic correlation , additive genetic effects , offspring , heritability , evolutionary biology , natural selection , population , genetics , quantitative trait locus , gene , demography , pregnancy , sociology
Abstract Maternal effects, either environmental or genetic in origin, are an underappreciated source of phenotypic variance in natural populations. Maternal genetic effects have the potential to constrain or enhance the evolution of offspring traits depending on their magnitude and their genetic correlation with direct genetic effects. We estimated the maternal effect variance and its genetic component for 12 traits expressed over the life history in a pedigreed population of wild red deer (morphology, survival/longevity, breeding success). We only found support for maternal genetic effect variance in the two neonatal morphological traits: birth weight ( h M g 2 = 0.31) and birth leg length ( h M g 2 = 0.17). For these two traits, the genetic correlation between maternal and direct additive effects was not significantly different from zero, indicating no constraint to evolution from genetic architecture. In contrast, variance in maternal genetic effects enhanced the additive genetic variance available to respond to natural selection. Maternal effect variance was negligible for late‐life traits. We found no evidence for sex differences in either the direct or maternal genetic architecture of offspring traits. Our results suggest that maternal genetic effect variance declines over the lifetime, but also that this additional heritable genetic variation may facilitate evolutionary responses of early‐life traits.