The puzzle(s) of pharmacoresistant epilepsy

Summary Despite the availability of >25 antiepileptic drugs, 30% of people with epilepsy do not respond to conventional agents, exhibiting pharmacoresistance ( PR )—a high percentage that has not changed significantly in decades. This is not surprising given that all current pharmaceutical agents merely reduce the incidence of seizures (“antiictogenic”); they do not interfere with the natural history of epilepsy and are therefore not antiepileptogenic. The two prevailing hypotheses of pharmacoresistance, the target hypothesis and the transporter hypothesis, can only partially explain the complexity and the diversity of PR . It is a neuropharmacologic priority that we change our approach to understanding PR . Herein we suggest the need to regard PR as a complex puzzle in which the target and transporter hypotheses represent a very small piece of the whole. Indeed, we do not even know if this piece of the whole is epiphenomenal or neurobiologically causal. To grasp the whole, we need to constantly gather information (look around for other pieces) from other perspectives and insights coming from clinical, epidemiologic, neuroradiologic, genetic, and other data. A recent research workshop on PR , the 2nd H alifax International Epilepsy Conference & Retreat, chose this eclectic and all‐encompassing approach. The participants were fully aware that their diverse contributions represent only still‐fragmented pieces of this frustrating but clinically important puzzle.