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Antimicrobial activity and regulation of CXCL 9 and CXCL 10 in oral keratinocytes
Author(s) -
Marshall Alison,
Celentano Antonio,
Cirillo Nicola,
Mignogna Michele D.,
McCullough Michael,
Porter Stephen
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
european journal of oral sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.802
H-Index - 93
eISSN - 1600-0722
pISSN - 0909-8836
DOI - 10.1111/eos.12293
Subject(s) - streptococcus sanguinis , chemokine , microbiology and biotechnology , antimicrobial peptides , antimicrobial , lipopolysaccharide , keratinocyte , biology , immunology , chemistry , immune system , biofilm , in vitro , bacteria , biochemistry , genetics
Chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand ( CXCL )9 and CXCL 10 are dysregulated in oral inflammatory conditions, and it is not known if these chemokines target microorganisms that form oral biofilm. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of CXCL 9 and CXCL 10 on oral microflora and their expression profiles in oral keratinocytes following exposure to inflammatory and infectious stimuli. Streptococcus sanguinis was used as a model and Escherichia coli as a positive control. The antimicrobial effect of CXCL 9/ CXCL 10 was tested using a radial diffusion assay. mRNA transcripts were isolated from lipopolysaccharide ( LPS )‐treated and untreated (control) oral keratinocyte cell lines at 2‐, 4‐, 6‐, and 8‐h time‐points of culture. The CXCL 9/10 expression profile in the presence or absence of interferon‐ γ ( IFN ‐ γ ) was assessed using semiquantitative PCR . Although both chemokines demonstrated antimicrobial activity, CXCL 9 was the most effective chemokine against both S. sanguinis and E coli . mRNA for CXCL 10 was expressed in control cells and its production was enhanced at all time‐points following stimulation with LPS . Conversely, CXCL 9 mRNA was not expressed in control or LPS ‐stimulated cells. Finally, stimulation with IFN ‐ γ enhanced basal expression of both CXCL 9 and CXCL 10 in oral keratinocytes. Chemokines derived from oral epithelium, particularly CXCL 9, demonstrate antimicrobial properties. Bacterial and inflammatory‐stimulated up‐regulation of CXCL 9/10 could represent a key element in oral bacterial colonization homeostasis and host‐defense mechanisms.